Histology Review Part One
Well, in
general, the histo practical should be the easiest part of histology. You should be happy that this is also the most
important. I say that because there are no
tricks. Here is the information, if you learn
it you will do well. People who dont do
well on the practical do so because they havent spent enough time looking at their
slides. Be wary of short cuts (ie. videos,
slice of life etc) because they dont work regardless of the rumors you may hear. There is no substitute for looking at your slides. I know that this takes more time but you will
learn it better so it is well worth it. That
is the best advice I can give you. As far as
this review goes, use it as a check list while you are looking at your slides. I have listed the slide name and the structures on
that slide that you should be able to identify along with some helpfull hints. Good luck!
submandibular
gland (or sublingual but not parotid)
- ***Serous Demilune*** he always, always
asks this, if you get it wrong I will kill you!!!!
- Be able to
distinguish between mucous unit (lighter) and serous unit (darker)
kidney
- simple squamous epithelium (parietal
layer of Bowmans capsule)
- simple cuboidal epithelium (around the
ducts)
skin (thin, not palmar or plantar)
- stratified squamous keratinized (you
must say keratinized or it will be wrong) epithelium
- dense irregular connective tissue
(dermis)
- this is collagen
type 1 (pink)-he will ask this, he is big on collagen types
- stratified cuboidal epithelium (around
the sweat duct)
- this is another
one that he always asks so make sure you know it!
- adipose tissue (looks like chicken
wire)
- sebaceous (however the hell you spell
it) gland
- cells with foamy appearance associated
with a hair follicle and not found in thick palmar or plantar skin-no one has hairy
palms-hopefully anyway)
esophagus
- stratified squamous non-keratinized
epithelium (also found in the vagina) *remember to write non-keratinized or it will be
wrong
- loose aerolar connective tissue
(underneath the epithelium)
jejunum
- simple columnar epithelium with goblet
cells and brush border (you must write out that entire name or it will be wrong)
- Paneth cells (this is another one that
he always asks)
- popular secondary
question:what does it secrete?-lysozyme*
- plasma cells (black dots in the loose
areolar connective tissue)
- part of the immune system and necessary
because of the nasty stuff we eat especially in Dominica!
ileum (you can also use colon)
- myenterric (Auerbachs) plexus
- parasympathetic plexus located between
the two layers of smooth muscle and is found through the GI tract
stomach
- simple columnar epithelium (also in
gallbladder)
- notice the lighter color staining
because each cell is mucous secreting
- therefore NO goblet cells or brush
border
bladder (or ureter)
- transitional epithelium (dome shaped
and/or bi-nucleate cells)
trachea
- ciliated pseudostratified columnar
epithelium with goblet cells
- also refered to as respiratory tract
epithelium but do not write that name on the exam
epididymis (human not primate)
- pseudostratified columnar epithelium
with stereocilia
- remember that stereocilia are just long
microvilli (actin microfilaments) so they are not real cilia
Note:
here is a hint about the pseudostratified epithelia, the above two examples are the only
instances where you will see them therefore, if it does not have either cilia or
stereocilia, IT IS NOT PSEUDOSTRATIFIED even if it looks like it might be! You will also
never see cilia or stereocilia on any other epithelium therefore, to determine if it is
pseudostratified, first look for either one of those two surface specializations. This is
a constant rule so use it for your practical!
tendon
- dense regular connective tissue (do
not call this tendon on the exam)
- looks very much like smooth muscle and
longitudinal section of nerve *therefore compare the three side by side to see the subtle
differences
hyaline
cartilage
- chondrocyte cell in a lacuna (you have
to write lacuna otherwise it is wrong)
- isogenous group (remember this is
interstitial growth)
- territorial and inter-territorial
matrix
- territorial
matrix is darker because of the preponderance of GAGs
- remember this is collagen type
2 (type 2-blue)
- perichondrium
- remember this
part is collagen type 1 (pink)
developing
membranous bone (fetal
finger)
- perichondrium vs. periosteum
- just what the name says, if it is the
part over the cartilage it is perichondrium
if it is over bone it is periosteum. These two structures are continuous with each
other.
- know the five zones (resting,
proliferating, hypertrophy, calcification, and ossification) remember that the process
here is endochondral ossification
- **Sharpeys fibers (another one
that he will definitely ask) simply connects the periosteum to the bone collar
- bone collar (remember this is direct
bone formation)
- cell types: osetoclast (large
multinucleated), osteocyte and osteoblast
Note:
One question that everyone seems to ask me is the difference between appositional,
interstitial, direct and endochondrial bone formation.
I know it has nothing to do with your slides but since it is confusing I
will mention it. First, you are describing
two separate things that is growth vs. bone formation.
They do not mean the same thing. When
talking about growth you use the terms appositional and intramembranous to describe it. Appositional (bone and cartilage) is when cells
(...blasts) move from the outside in and become (...cytes).
Interstitial (cartilage only) is when the chondrocytes divide within the
middle of the cartilage and form isogeneous groups that eventually spread out. Bone formation refers more to the embryology of
bone. Direct or intramembranous bone
formation is what happens in the bone collar. Bone
is directly made from embryonic mesoderm. Endochondrial
bone formation is just what the name says, cartilage is made first then it turns to bone
(indirect) and this is what is happening in the epiphyseal plate.
compact
bone
- Haversian system or osteon
- osteocyte in a lacuna (must write
lacuna)
- canaliculi (house cytoplasmic
extensions of the osteocyte cell)
- interstitial lamella
- broken down osteon that looks like
nothing significant in between osteons
ovary (this is one of his favorite things
so know it well!)
- primordial follicle (just under
epithelium, no zona pellucida)
- primary follicle (zona pellucida with
no antrum)
- secondary follice (has an incomplete
antrum)
- mature graafian (complete antrum)
- remember they all have primary oocytes
regardless of what follicle it is. It is the
LH surge that triggers the completion of meiosis and you cant tell that by looking
at the slide!
- corona radiata
- zona pellucida
- cumulus oophorus
- interstitial cells (secrete estrogen)
- theca interna (produce androsteindione
under the influence of LH)
- granulosa cells (turns androstenedione
into estrogen under the influence of FSH)
- get the hormone thing down he
will ask it as a secondary question
- atretic follicle (collapsed zona
pellucida)
- germinal epithelium
- corpus luteum (big white thing that is
somewhat cellular)
elastic
cartilage
- looks dark and creepy
- has elastic fibers in it (duh) as well
as collagen type 2
nerve
longitudinal section
- be able to identify that it is nerve
(and not tendon or muscle)
- *Node of Ranvier (know this one
for sure)
- a stupid little horizontal line that you can barely see but you know it is
nerve and it doesnt look like anything else
nerve
cross-section
(on same slide as above)
- axon vs. myelin sheath
- schwann cell (nuclei that you see)
- endo vs. epi vs. perineurium
cross
section of spinal cord
- neuron cell body
- nucleus vs. nucleolus (yes he will ask
you something that simple to confuse you)
- lipofuscin granuoles
- brown stuff that
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- Nissel bodies (ER)
- cant really
see but blue stuff closer to the nucleus, when in doubt pick lipofuscin granules
- Be able to tell the difference
between cardiac (intercalated disks), skeletal (striated), and smooth muscle.
cerebellum
- molecular layer (outside, has dendrites
of Purkinje cells)
- granular layer (inside, has axons of
Purkinje cells)
- **Purkinje cell (likely to be a
question)
blood
- platelet (formed from megakaryocyte)
- neutrophil (multi-lobed nucleus, most
common)
- monocyte vs lymphocyte
- lymphocyte is roughly the size of a RBC
and a momcyte is much larger and also has a kidney shaped nuclueus (sometimes not always)
- eosinophil (pink-red granuoles)
- basophil (dark granules filled with
histamine, so dark that you can barely see the nucleus but you can clearly make out the
granuoles however, these are rare and you probably will not see one on your slide)
Well, that
is about 99.9% of what you will get on your practical so if you manage to learn all of
that you will most certainly get an A. Remember
that the histo practical is an easy way to bring up your grade if you need to, so
dont miss out on the opportunity because you didnt dedicate enough time to it. The key to doing well is good time management
which means being organized and also getting enough sleep. That is the best thing
you can do for yourself.
Histology Review Part Two
Well,
here we go again! In general, first and
foremost make sure you can identify the organ. That
is the most important because you will get a lot of questions asking you to simply
identify the organ and also, you will not be able to correctly identify the specific
structures if you have no idea what organ you are in.
The best way to do this is to just compare all of the organs on low
magnification first before you go looking for specific structures. If there is a specific cell type, make damn sure
you know what it secretes! As far as the
cumulative part, make sure that you know your epithelia really well. Also, know the ovary inside and out because Dr. K
loves that. You might want to also review the
collagen types in different tissues i.e. hyaline cartilage is type 2 (blue) while bone is
type 1 (pink). Maybe also the fetal finger. Otherwise, focus mainly on the new stuff because
that is what you will be questioned on the most.
skin
- Know the layers of the
epidermis: stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum,
stratum granulosom, (two types of granules-keratohyalin and lamellar), stratum lucidum (thick skin only), stratum corneum
- Melanocyte cell
clear cell in the
germinativum (not the pigmented one which is a melanophore)
- Dermis has two layers: papillary layer (loose areolar CT) and reticular layer (dense irregular CT)
- Sweat ducts-stratified
cuboidal,* myoepithelial cell squamous
cell that wraps around the outside of the sweat duct (squeezes out the sweat-gross!)
- pacinian corpuscle looks like an onion, found in
reticular layer of dermis, deep pressure and vibration receptor
- Meisners corpuscle sort of S-shaped, found in the
papillary layer, touch receptor
- <Neurovascular bundle just what the name implies, a
cross-section of nerve with a vein and arteriole. Found
deeper in dermis, not on all slides, may or may not be associated with a pacinian
corpuscle
- Hair follicle with sebaceous gland thin skin only (unless you are some
sort of mutant that has hair on your palms!)
blood vessels
lymphatics
- Lymphatic nodules - *always B cells (remembering
that will help you with all of the secondary questions), primary (no germinal center, has
not been antigenically challenged), secondary (germinal center*-has been antigenically
challenged therefore it contains plasma cells and memory B cells*). They are found in the lymph node, palatine tonsil,
ileum, colon, and appendix
- Lymph node - ID by the lymphatic nodules which
are located all around the outside (cortex), also it has a capsule and a sub-capsular (not sub-scapular) sinus. If you remember that lymphatic nodules are
only B cells, and the lymphatic nodules are located in the cortex, then the cortex has B
cells! Next, paracortex has T cells and then
the medulla has B cells! (BTB)
- Palatine tonsil - ID by the lymphatic nodules
that are located everywhere (vs. in the periphery in the lymph node) also, it has crypts
- Thymus-no lymphatic nodules * (duh, it only has T
cells!) Darker area outside is the cortex, lighter area inside is the medulla. **Hassels corpuscles-pink circular things,
made of degenerating epithelial-reticular cells. If
you look at it on high magnification you see lots of lymphocyte cells (black dots) and the
occasional pink cells which are the epithelial-reticular
cells
- Spleen - ID by the lymphatic nodules (white pulp
but actually stains blue?????) with a central arteriole.
Remember that the white pulp, since it is nothing more than a lymphatic
nodule has B cells but, the area immediately around the central arteriole, PALS has T cells* Everything else in between is the
red pulp
- Appendix - circular thing with a lumen and
lymphatic nodules all around it. If you look
closer, you will see that is has GI tract epithelium (simple columnar with goblet cells
and a brush border)
gastrointestinal
- Esophagus-compare to vagina, has stratified
squamous non-keratinized epithelium with esophageal glands (duh). The muscularis externa contains either skeletal,
smooth, or a mixtures of both types of muscle depending upon where the cross-section is
made
- Stomach-simple columnar epithelium that is all
mucous secreting therefore is does not have goblet cells. It also has three layers of muscularis externa and
a large area of gastric glands. Magnify the
area of the gastric glands and you will find the different cells types. *Parietal
cell pink, secretes HCL and intrinsic factor.
*Chief cell blue, makes
pepsinogen. If you cant remember which
cell is which, just remember that the chief cells have a manly name and are
therefore blue!
Make sure you know the layers
in all slides of the GI tract i.e. Lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa and
muscularis externa. Also, if he wants you to
ID a cell type within the lamina propria it is most likely a lymphocyte or plasma cell
(black dots). If you see any white spaces
that form lines within the lamina propria/villi it is probably a lacteal (small lymphatic
vessel)
Dont forget about the Myenterric or
Auerbachs Plexus which is the parasympathetic ganglia located in between the
inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers of the muscularis externa throughout
the GI tract.
- Duodenum ID by the *Brunners glands which secrete an alkali
mucous, it also has villi and plica circularis with normal GI epithelium (simple columnar
with goblet cells and brush border)
- Jejunum-*no Brunners glands, also has
longer plicae. Dont forget about good
old *Paneth Cells that have the bright red
granules and secrete lysozyme.
- Ileum-shorter plicae, many more goblet cells,
peyers patches (lymphatic nodules that dont have the normal GI tract epithelium over
them. They instead have the M cells)
- Colon no villi, many more goblet cells
- Gallbladder ID by the really weird projections on
the surface, also has simple columnar epithelium, no brush border etc.
- Parotid gland-only serous units
- Submandibular mixed but predominantly
serous
- Sublingual-mixed but predominantly mucous
- Dont forget about ******Serous Demilune!!!!!!!!!
- Liver-unless he uses the pig liver, you will not
really see the classic lobule etc. ID by the
central vein and the unique appearance of the hepatocyte cells. Different from spleen and pancreas because it all
essentially one color. Also, no lymphatic
nodules in the liver. Dont forget about
the triad found at the corners of the liver lobule (assuming he does show the pig
liver)-hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct
- Pancreas looks like undercooked steak, has areas of lighter pink
coloring which are the islets of Langerhans (endocrine). Red areas in between is the exocrine portion. ID this organ by its coloration also, no lymphatic
nodules.
endocrine
- Pituitary gland two different sides, the
less cellular side with lots of black dots is the pars
nervosa or posterior pituitary. Remember
that this side is neural ectoderm in origin and no hormones are produced here (that is not
hard to figure out considering that these are just axons and nerve terminals). The pink circles are the Herring bodies which stores the hormones-oxytocin
and vasopressin (ADH). The other half is the
anterior pituitary or the pars distalis. Remember that this part is oral ectoderm in
origin (Rathkes pouch). There are three
cell types here, the gray ones are the chromphobes
which dont do much so who cares, the pink ones are the eosinophils and they secrete prolactin and growth
hormone. The blue-ish ones are the basophils. Remember, B-FLAT which is
B for basophil, F for FSH, L for LH, A for
ACTH, T for TSH. If you remember
that, you will always get the hormones straight.
- Adrenal gland - make sure you know the three
regions of the cortex and what is produced there. Remember
salty sweet sex (no I didnt make that up) Outside
- Zona Glomerulosa -
salty-mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), Zone
Fasiculata-sweet-glucocorticoids/cortisol, Zona Reticularis-sex for androgens. The medulla has the chromaffin cells, neural crest in origin. They take the place of the post-ganglionic
sympathetic neurons and therefore they secrete norepinepherine and epinephrine.
- Thyroid - unique looking organ, shouldnt be
confused with any other. Make sure you know
the follicles with the colloid material that contains TGB (thyroglobulin). In between the follicles you will find cluster of
cells the parafollicular or C cells.
These are neural crest in origin and secrete calcitonin.
genitourinary
- Kidney - know that the cortex is the area with
the renal corpuscles in it. The medulla has
just tubes. Be able to tell the difference
between proximal and distal tubule, the proximal is pinker and fuzzier while
the distal is more regular and has a larger lumen. Also
dont forget about *podocyte cell-which is
a stupid cell that sticks out from the glomerulus. Also
know the parietal layer of Bowmans capsule which is the squamous lining. Make sure you know the *Macula Densa which is just a row of cuboidal cells
within the distal tubule that lies right next to the glomerulus. This is a chemoreceptor.
- Bladder - just know that it has transitional
epithelium (dome shaped cells and may be bi-nucleate)
Compare ureter with seminole
vessicle, fallopian tube, vas defrens. Just
be able to identify those
- Epididymis - Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
with stereocilia. Be able to ID organ
- Testes has a unique epithelium. You will have to be able to tell the difference
between the different cell types i.e. Sertoli, Leydig, spermatogonia etc. Use the Wheaters atlas for that, it is very
good. Also, know what hormones influence
these cells i.e. FSH, LH
- Vagina compare to esophagus, has no
glands, also the cells in the epithelium (stratified squamous non-keratinized) look empty. This is because they are loaded with glycogen that
is evacuated in the preparation.
- Cervix be able to ID, it has a region where the
epithelium changes to stratified squamous non-keratinized
- Uterus mucosa, endometrium, know the two
different types of cells i.e. ciliated and secretory
- Prostate compare to seminal vessicle, ID by concretions
respiratory
- vocal cord has two sides, true and false. ID by the epithelium. Stratified squamous non-keratinized is found in
places that undergo wear and tear. It makes
sense then that the true vocal cord will have this type of epithelium. It also has skeletal muscle underneath. The false vocal fold has respiratory epithelium
(ciliated, pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells).
There are also glands underneath.
- Trachea has hyaline cartilage, muscle, and
respiratory epithelium
- Lung Many alveoli, know the two cell
types: type 1-squamous types that allows for gas
exchange, type 2 dome shaped cells that produce
surfactant. The dust macrophages are larger,
darker and are often located at the corners of the septa.
A terminal bronchiole has no
cartilage in the wall. The alveolar duct is a space that goes between what
looks like alveoli that are broken open.
Well, I think that about covers everything, or at least everything
that I ever bothered to learn. As usual, take
good notes especially during Dr. Ks review. Pay
particular attention to the things that he mentions.
Anyway, I hope that this review helps.
If you have any questions feel free to e-mail me and if I can answer
them I will.
Good luck
and dont worry, I am sure that you will do fine! :)
Maura
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